The current state of the legal regulation of psychological assistance

uniformed terminology across the country and separating governmental and non-governmental psychological counselling rendered. Such gap also does not correspond with the interests of the clients that counselling is focused on since the experts who are allowed to extend those services are undetermined and undefined. Objective. The paper is directed at analyzing the status quo of legal regulation of the psychological counselling, finding gaps in such regulation and proving the need in a special federal law. Research Progress. The paper takes an account of the current state of regulation of psychological counselling in the Russian Federation and foreign countries using the comparative legal analysis approach.The research resulted in a finding that there is the need in a special federal law on psychological counselling. Conclusion. Special federal law on psychological counselling of the population is necessary to elaborate and eventually to implement for uniformity in counselling and in social work services, and also to protect the rights and interests of those who seek councelling, as well as determining the qualifications of those to render such services. Practical Application. The research results can be used while drafting and passing a special federal law on psychological counselling and executive regulatory acts

Computational Homogenization of Architectured Materials

Architectured materials involve geometrically engineered distributions of microstructural phases at a scale comparable to the scale of the component, thus calling for new models in order to determine the effective properties of materials. The present chapter aims at providing such models, in the case of mechanical properties. As a matter of fact, one engineering challenge is to predict the effective properties of such materials; computational homogenization using finite element analysis is a powerful tool to do so. Homogenized behavior of architectured materials can thus be used in large structural computations, hence enabling the dissemination of architectured materials in the industry. Furthermore, computational homogenization is the basis for computational topology optimization which will give rise to the next generation of architectured materials. This chapter covers the computational homogenization of periodic architectured materials in elasticity and plasticity, as well as the homogenization and representativity of random architectured materials

ELASTIC BALANCE OF HALF-PLANE WITH RECTILINEAR SOMILIAN DISLOCATION

Closed solution of the elasticity problem on the half-plane balance with rectilinear shift dislocation is presented. The dislocation core is assumed to lie inside the area, and the slip line - to cross the half-plane boundary. The solution applicability to the estimation of the crust stress state near disjoint dislocations is considered

Influence of Protective Pad Integrated into Sport Compression Garments on their Pressure Delivery to Athlete's Lower Limbs

This study aims to investigate the influence of the size of protective pad integrated into knitted fabric assembly intended for protective compression sport garments on the pressure delivery by the garment to the body of the wearer. A protective pad was integrated into an experimental knitted fabric sleeve assembly that resembled the knee section of a common compression garment. Several pads of different size were incorporated into the experimental fabric assemblies of the same dimensions and the effect of the pad size was determined. In addition, the dimensions of the fabric sleeve assemblies were varied with the size of the pad remaining constant. The pressures generated by the assemblies on a cylindrical model limb, and the physical and mechanical properties of the experimental fabrics were determined. The pressure generation properties of the sleeve assemblies were measured using Salzmann pressuremeasuring device MST MKV IV. The results were analyzed and the influence of the protective pad on the garment pressure delivery to a cylindrical bluff limb, and thus potentially to the wearer's body, was determined

Machining of coarse grained and ultra fine grained titanium

Machining of titanium is quite difficult and expensive. Heat generated in the process of cutting does not dissipate quickly, which affects tool life. In the last decade ultra fine grained (UFG) titanium has emerged as an option for substitution for more expensive titanium alloys. Extreme grain refinement can be readily performed by severe plastic deformation techniques. Grain refinement of a material achieved in this way was shown to change its mechanical and physical properties. In the present study, the microstructure evolution and the shear band formation in chips of coarse grained and UFG titanium machined to three different depths and three different feeding rates was investigated. A change in thermal characteristics of commercial purity Ti with grain refinement was studied by comparing heating/cooling measurements with an analytical solution of the heat transfer boundary problem. It was demonstrated that an improvement in the machinability can be expected for UFG titanium. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Internally architectured materials with directionally asymmetric friction

Internally Architectured Materials (IAMs) that exhibit different friction forces for sliding in the opposite directions are proposed. This is achieved by translating deformation normal to the sliding plane into a tangential force in a manner that is akin to a toothbrush with inclined bristles. Friction asymmetry is attained by employing a layered material or a structure with parallel 'ribs' inclined to the direction of sliding. A theory of directionally asymmetric friction is presented, along with prototype IAMs designed, fabricated and tested. The friction anisotropy (the -coefficient) is characterised by the ratio of the friction forces for two opposite directions of sliding. It is further demonstrated that IAM can possess very high levels of friction anisotropy, with of the order of 10. Further increase in is attained by modifying the shape of the ribs to provide them with directionally dependent bending stiffness. Prototype IAMs produced by 3D printing exhibit truly giant friction asymmetry, with in excess of 20. A novel mechanical rectifier, which can convert oscillatory movement into unidirectional movement by virtue of directionally asymmetric friction, is proposed. Possible applications include locomotion in a constrained environment and energy harvesting from oscillatory noise and vibrations

Controlling failure regimes in Brick-and-Mortar structures

Brick-and-Mortar structures have a highly tunable mechanical response, offering the possibility to achieve exceptional combinations of properties such as strength and toughness. These properties markedly depend on the failure mechanism. However, the effect of geometric and material parameters on failure is not fully understood. In this work we report the existence of a ‘two-peak’ and a ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure regime, differing in the ability of the structure to distribute damage in the layers prior to failure. A transition from the ‘two-peak’ to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ regime is observed in 3D-printed Brick-and-Mortar structures by increasing the aspect ratio (brick width over height) in the lower “layer failure” aspect ratio range. Further control of the two regimes is investigated with the help of a semi-analytical model of finite-sized structures. Theoretical predictions suggest that the failure regime can be controlled by tuning the relative shear and normal layer materials. This is confirmed experimentally by testing Brick-and-Mortar structures made with different materials for the shear and normal layers. Our work demonstrates that the transition from the ‘two-peak’ to the ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure regime significantly increases the toughness, without compromising strength or stiffness of the structure, highlighting the importance of controlling these regimes

Effect of angled layers on failure regimes in brick-and-mortar structures

Brick-and-Mortar structures can exhibit exceptional combinations of properties, such as high strength and toughness. The properties are highly dependent on the failure regime, namely the ability to distribute damage prior to failure. In our recent work on rectangular Brick-and-Mortar structures, we have identified a transition from localised damaged (called ‘two-peak’ failure) to distributed damage (called ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure), depending on the brick aspect ratio and the relative normal and shear layer material properties. However, the effect of non-rectangular brick shapes on these failure regimes has not yet been explored. In this work we predict with semi-analytical modelling, and validate with experiments, that introducing an angle into the ‘shear’ layers of the Brick-and-Mortar structure to create ‘diamond’ and ‘inverse diamond’ brick shapes results in a transition from ‘two-peak’ to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure for low aspect ratios. It is further shown that the angle required to transition to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure decreases with increasing aspect ratio, and that introducing an out of-plane angled layer in the form of an osteomorphic brick shape can further decrease the angle required for the transition. Our work demonstrates that the transition from ‘two-peak’ to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure significantly increases the toughness of the structure, without compromising strength or stiffness, highlighting the importance of understanding and controlling the parameters that affect the failure regimes

Size effects in micro cup drawing

Experimental studies into the effect of blank thickness on the deep drawing response of the coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained copper demonstrated the occurrence of a size effect: the dependence of the maximum load and the limit drawing ratio on the blank thickness in sub-millimetre range. A dislocation based constitutive model taking into account the thickness effects was used for numerical simulations of the process. It was demonstrated that the occurrence of the blank thickness effect is governed by the ratio of the blank thickness t to the grain size D of the material. Critical values of the t/. D ratio below which the size effect comes to bearing were determined. The obtained results can be seen as a demonstration of more general suitability of the model developed for predicting microforming operations with full account of the specimen or work-piece dimensions